Land surveying and their Needs in Civil Engineering

This area of surveying can be broken down into the following:

• Geodetic surveying .
• Topographical surveying  .
• Photogrammetry.
• Hydrographic surveying.
• Cadastral surveying .
• Engineering surveying .

We are going to concentrate on this last aspect although the basic techniques can be employed to most of the others .

Engineering surveying is used 

•  at the concept and design stage for production of maps and plans .
• at the construction stage for setting out and measurement .
• at the post construction stage for measurement and monitoring .

surveying for all three aspects involves the measurement of three parameters :

• Horizontal distances .
• Vertical distances .
• Angles .