Designing Floor Slabs on Grade by Boyd C. Ringo, Robert B. Anderson

How thick should the slab be?
How strong should the concrete be?
Is reinforcement needed?
Where should the joints be placed?
Can adding flbers enhance the slab3 performance?
When is post-tensioning appropriate?
What can be done to control cracking?

This how-to--do-it book provides practical answers to these and other major questions that confront owners and designers when an industrial floor is needed. It is intended to simplify and improve the design of slabson grade for commercial and residential as well as industrial uses.Design includes all of the decisions, specifications, and details made and documented before construction can begin. It is based on properties of both the subgrade support and the concrete material. The process determines thickness, any necessary reinforcement, and jointing details as well as standards for construction of the slab. The authors regard design as a two-step procedure: thickness selection is done by one of the methods listed below; then other features such as joint location and treatment and construction tolerances are determined. Even though these steps are intimately related, they are commonly thought of as two separate procedures.

Drawing on their combined experience of many decades at the forefront of slab design and construction technology, Ringo and Anderson have prepared a text designed to help professionals at many different levels of slab design expertise.

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Masonry Walls Specification and Design by Kenneth Thomas

Although masonry has been used as a building material since the beginning of time, some members of the constructionindustry may be less familiar with many of its specific properties than they are with other building materials and a great deal is often left to chance in specifying, designing and constructing masonry walls. The purpose of the book is to provide a detailed reference book for constructionprofessionals responsible for specifying and designing masonry structures. It provides detailed information on the units of construction and mortars and general guidance on the selection of materials for the various locations and site exposures.
The reasons for, and accommodation of, movements in masonry are discussed in etail, as well as bricklaying and blocklaying under winter conditions, frost attack, salts and stains, rain penetration, dampness in walls and remedial measures, wall finishes (plastering, rendering and painting etc.) and the thermal and sound insulation of walls.

The book does not cover advanced structural analysis and design, which is adequately covered elsewhere, but does give guidance on the empirical design of freestanding walls, laterally loaded and internal walls and partitions. It also gives an introduction to calculated loadbearing masonry, fin and diaphragm walls, reinforced and post tensioned walls and masonry cladding to timber framed construction. Fire resistance of masonry is discussed, as well as workmanship, quality control, bonds and finishes, and repairing and replacing masonry.

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Dynamics of Structures by Ray Clough, Joseph Penzien

Since the 1st edition of this book was published in 1975, major advances have been made in the subject "Dynamics Of Structures." While it would be impossible to give a comprehensive treatment of all such changes in this second edition, those considered to be of most practical signi cance are included.

The general organization of text material remains unchanged from the 1st edition. It progresses logically from a treatment of single ­degree­ of­ freedom systems to multi­ degree­ of­ freedom discrete­ parameter systems and then on to in finite degree­ of­ freedom continuous systems. The concept of force equilibrium, which forms the basis of static analysis of structures, is retained so that the experienced engineer can easily make the transition to performing a dynamic analysis. It is essential therefore that the student of structural dynamics have a solid background in the theories of statics of structures, including matrix methods, and it is assumed that the readers of this text have such preparation.

Dynamics of Structures by 
Ray Clough, Joseph Penzie - engineersdaily.com

The theoretical treatment in Parts I, II, and III is deterministic in nature because it makes use of dynamic loadings which are fully prescribed even though they may be highly irregular and transient with respect to time. The treatment of random vibrations in Part IV is however stochastic (random) in form since the loadings considered can be characterized only in a statistical manner. An understanding of basic probability theory is therefore an essential prerequisite to the study of this subject. Before proceeding with this study, it is recommended that the student take a full course on probability theory; however, if this has not been done, the brief treatment of probability concepts given in Chapter 20 can serve as minimum preparation.

The solution of a typical structural dynamics problem is considerably more complicated than its static counterpart due to the addition of inertia and damping to the elastic resistance forces and due to the time dependency of all force quantities. For most practical situations, the solution usually is possible only through the use of a high­speed digital computer, which has become the standard tool of the structural dynamics. However, most of the problems in the text, which are intended to teach the fundamentals of dynamics, are quite simple in form allowing their solutions to be obtained using a hand calculator. Nevertheless, the student of dynamics of struc­tures should have previously studied computer coding techniques and the associated analytical procedures. Such background will permit an early transition from solv­ing dynamics problems by hand calculator to solving them on a PC computer using programsspecially developed for this purpose. The program CAL­91, developed by Professor E. L. Wilson of the University of California, Berkeley, is such a program which has been used very effectively in teaching even the 1st course in Dynamics Of Structures. Instructors using this book are encouraged to implement such PC computer solutions into their courses so that more realistic problems can be considered.

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Concrete Technology 2nd Edition by A. M. Neville, J. J. Brooks

This book is aimed principally at university, college and polytechnic students who wish to understand concrete for the purpose of using it in professional practice. Because the book is written in English and because it uses both SI and the so-called old Imperial units of measurement, the book is of interest and value in many countries, probably world wide. The large incidence of material (as distinct from structural) failure ofconcrete structures in recent years bridges, buildings, pavements and runways is a clear indication that theprofessional engineer does not always know enough about concrete. Perhaps, in consequence of this ignorance, he or she does not take sufficient care to ensure the selection of correct ingredients for concrete making, to achieve a suitable mix, and to obtain a technically sound execution of concrete works. The effects of climate and temperature, and of exposure conditions, do not always seem to be taken into account in order to ensure lasting and durable concrete structures.

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Steel Detailer's Manual 2nd Edition by Alan Hayward, Frank Weare

In order to remain competitive, steelwork contractors have turned to new technologies in order to minimize their costs and meet the tighter deadlines which are being imposed by clients. To a very large extent the technological developments associated with computer aided detailing have played a major part in bringing profound improvements across  the industry. The art of steelwork detailing continues to play a pivotal role in the successful creation of any steel structure. New methods and procedures have given rise to a  process which is now highly integrated and dependent upon both upstream and downstream activities.

Codes of practice and engineering standards are constantly changing in the construction industry. Many British standards are now being superseded by European EN standards, but many are still in the transition stage. The manual attempts to clarify the present situation. It is however recognized that this is a constantly changing target, and the reader is advised to consult British Standards or any other recognized professional  steelwork organization to deter- mine the latest information. lt is to be hoped that future editions of the manual will contain lists of more firmly established relevant European standards.

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Design of RCC Masonary Structures

The writing of this book was motivated by a professional need to update changes in the reinforced masonry design philosophy that have occurred as a result of incorporation of strength design philosophy in the 2008 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures reported by the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (referred to in this book as the MSJC-08 Code) and corresponding requirements of the 2009 International Building Code (2009 IBC), and to update changes brought out by the ASCE/SEI 7-05 Standard, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (referred to in this book as ASCE 7-05 Standard). While the fundamental principles of designing reinforced masonry structures discussed in the first edition (2001) of this book remain valid, revisions in codes, specifications, and reference standards applicable to design and construction of masonry structures that have since occurred required updating that book in the form of this second edition.

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Book: Strength of Materials 4th Edition by Dr R. K. Bansal

The popularity of the third edition and reprints of the textbook of Strength of Materials amongst the students and the teachers of the variousUniversities of the country, has prompted the bringing out of the fourth edition of the book so soon. The fourth edition has been thoroughly revised and brought up-to-date. A large number of problems from different B.E. degree examinations upto 2005 of Indian Universities and other examining bodies, such as Institution of Engineers U.P.S.C. (Engineering Services) and Gate have been selected and have been solved at proper places in this edition in S.I Units.

Three advanced topics of Strength of Materialssuch as stresses due to rotation in thin and thick cylinders, bending of curved bars and theories of failure of the material have been added. These chapters have been written in such a simple and easy-to-follow language that even an average student can understand easily by self-study. In the chapter of 'Columns and Struts', the advanced articles such as columns with eccentric load, with initial curvature and beam columns have been included. The notations· in this edit~on have been used upto-date by the use of sigma and tau for stresses.

The objective type multiple-choice questions are often asked in the various competitive examinations. Hence a large number of objective type questions with answers have been added in the end of the book. Also a large number of objective type questions which have been asked in most of competitive examinations such as Engineering Services Examination and Gate with answers and explanation have been incprporated in this edition. With these editions, it is hoped that the book will be quite useful for the students of different branches.
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Role Of Form Work in Tunnel

Formwork is an ancient engineering technique. How ancient? Take a trip to the Pantheon in Rome and have a look-see. Yes, like us today the Ancient Romans also used molds to prefabricate concrete segments of larger construction projects. Civil engineers have been in demand ever since. But some may consider building things on top of a solid foundation to be child’s play compared with tunneling into soil for huge distances while still accounting for the immense subterranean pressure of tons of earth, water, and sometimes urban sprawl pushing down from on high. Given all that, tunnels are some of the most magnificent feats of civil engineering in the world.

Major tunnels today are built rapidly because of advances in tunnel-boring technology, but also because ofbecause of formwork – reinforced concrete segments can be assembled with millimeter precision. Before these segments can be laid, huge Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) must drill through the ground and clear enough room for the work to be done. Once the TBMs move debris out of the way using a conveyor system, the prefab concrete segments can be brought into the tunnel behind the drill head on flatbed rail cars. Produced in factories above-ground and shipped to the construction site, these trapezoidal segments are gently curved because each of them makes up part of the tunnel ring which lines the perimeter of the tunnel bore. Each segment will be lifted into place (again, with millimeter precision) using a vacuum attached to a rotating arm or “feeder,” and pressed against the segments of the previous ring with hydraulic cylinders before being bolted down. All of this happens after the rotating drill head advances through the ground far enough to allow enough space to position new segments (perhaps two meters).

Given that most modern tunnels are built to accommodate the transportation needs of expanding urban centers, we know that each tunnel ring can’t be advancing in a straight line. Tunnel formwork will use several different molds, each with marginally different dimensions, so that each complete tunnel ring will be slightly conical in shape. Adjusting how each ring fits against the last one will gradually result in a directional change in any of 360 degrees, depending on where engineers want the tunnel to go.

Having the concrete formwork take place off-site in a controlled manufacturing environment allows for a much more streamlined construction process and ensures quality control. These segments have to match requirements exactly, and so expert formwork is vital to quality tunnel construction and relied upon by tunnel engineers.

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Determination of flow surface profile imperfection allowing hydraulic drop at mid section of contraction? When Q = 100 cfs.

Solution:

E = y + V²/2g

E = y + Q²/2gA²

E = 5 + 100² /2 × 32.2 × 10² × 5²

E = 5.06’

---

Now

Y_c =2E/3

Y_c = 3.37’

---

And, E= Y_c + Q²/2gA²

     5.06 = 3.37 + 100² /2 × 32.2 × b_c² × 3.37²

     B_c  =  2.84’

---

Slope;

Before Mid Section

S₁ = (10-2.84)/25 = 0.286

After Mid Section

S₂ = (8-2.84)/25 = 0.206

  Table: Flow Surface Profile

Length (L)	Breadth	Depth (y)
( Ft )	( Ft )	( Ft )	( Ft )
0	10	5	0.589
5	8.57	4.974	0.696
10	7.14	4.934	0.851
15	5.71	4.858	1.096
20	4.28	4.672	1.555
25	2.85	3.494	3.249
30	3.88	4.565	1.77
35	4.91	4.778	1.31
40	5.94	4.875	1.047
45	6.97	4.928	0.873
50	8	4.96	0.75

 Flow Surface Profile:

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Burj Khalifa - Today's Tallest structure

Burj Khalifa , formerly known as Burj Dubai, is a skyscraper in Dubai, U.A.E., and is currently the tallest structure ever built, at828 m (2,717 ft).

Tower Construction began on 21 September 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. 

The building officially opened on 4 January 2010.

Current records

1. Tallest skyscraper to top of spire: 828 m (2,717 ft) - previously Taipei 101 – 509.2 m (1,671 ft)
2. Tallest structure ever built: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously 646.38 m (2,121 ft)) Warsaw radio mast
3. Tallest extant structure: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously KVLY-TV mast – 628.8 m (2,063 ft))
4. Tallest freestanding structure: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously CN Tower – 553.3 m (1,815 ft))
5. Building with most floors: 160 (previously – 108 floors in Willis Tower)
6. World's highest elevator installation
7. World's fastest elevators at speed of 64 km/h (40 mph) or 18 m/s (59 ft/s) (previously Taipei 101 – 16.83 m/s)
8. Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)(previously Taipei 101 – 449.2 m (1,474 ft))
9. Highest vertical concrete pumping (for any construction): 606 m (1,988 ft)
10. The first in history to include residential space
11. Highest outdoor observation deck in the world (124th floor)
12. World's highest mosque (located on the 154th floor)
13. World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade, at a height of 512 m (1,680 ft)
14. World's highest swimming pool (76th floor) 

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The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium - Delhi

The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Delhi, India, is a multipurpose sports arena hosting football and other sporting events, as well as large-scale entertainment events. It is named after the first Prime Minister of India. 

The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium was constructed by the Government of India to host the 9th Asian Games in 1982, following which it hosted the 1989 Asian Championships in Athletics and the2010 Commonwealth Games.

In preparation for the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the stadium reduced its capacity from 78,000 to 60,000 spectators.The all-seater facility seats 60,000 spectators, and up to 100,000 for concerts. In terms of seating capacity, it is the third largest multipurpose stadium in India and the 51st largest in the world.

Renovation For 2010 Commonwealth Games :

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium hosted the 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games Opening ceremony as well as the Closing ceremony.The stadium was given a new roof, improved seating, and other facilities to meet international standards as it hosts the athletic events and the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2010 Commonwealth Games.

• The 53,800 m² Teflon-coated roof, designed by Schlaich Bergermann & Partner, was built at a cost of Rs. 308 crore.
• Taiyo Membrane Corporation supplied and installed the PTFE glass fibre fabric roof.
• 8,500 tonnes of steel were used in the construction of the stadium's roof and its support structure.
• A new 10-lane synthetic track, synthetic warm-up track, and a synthetic lawn ball field were added.
• Two new venues were constructed next to the stadium for the Games: four synthetic greens for the lawn bowls event and a 2,500-seat gymnasium for the weightlifting event. A 400-metre warm-up track was also constructed.
• Nearly 4,000 labourers worked in double shifts to finish the stadium in time.
• A 150m long tunnel was constructed for the opening and closing ceremonies.
• The support structure for the new roof is similar to London's Olympic Stadium, which is under construction.
• The design is similar to Foshan Stadium in China, built by the same designers.
• 24 condom machines were installed by the Ministry of Health.
• In case of emergency, the construction allows spectators to evacuate within 6 minutes.

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