ABSTRACT: Concrete mix design by the ACI method requires various material properties as the input. The
effect of variation of these input parameters on mix proportions has been studied here, with reference to strength
ACI Method Of Concrete Mix Design A Parametric Study
attainment in few cases. The sensitivity of the mix has been expressed by volume ratios of fine aggregate to
coarse aggregate and cement to fine aggregate. It is found that inter-particle voids of coarse aggregates, a
function of gradation, plays a significant role in the prediction of mix proportions. The study reveals that ACI
method fails to rationally predict the proportion of the ingredients when coarse aggregates of higher voids is used
in making the concrete. In such cases, the amount of fine aggregate is over estimated. This over estimation leads
to a higher surface area to be covered by the same amount of cement, which is determined without any reference
to aggregate grading. As a result, the mix fails to attain the design strength. Test results have confirmed these
findings.
coarse aggregate and cement to fine aggregate. It is found that inter-particle voids of coarse aggregates, a
function of gradation, plays a significant role in the prediction of mix proportions. The study reveals that ACI
method fails to rationally predict the proportion of the ingredients when coarse aggregates of higher voids is used
in making the concrete. In such cases, the amount of fine aggregate is over estimated. This over estimation leads
to a higher surface area to be covered by the same amount of cement, which is determined without any reference
to aggregate grading. As a result, the mix fails to attain the design strength. Test results have confirmed these
findings.
KEYWORDS: Concrete, mix design, ACI method, fine aggregate/coarse aggregate ratio, cement/fine aggregate ratio, void ratio
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials throughout the world. Many desirable
properties such as high compressive strength, excellent durability and fire resistance contributed
toward its wide range of applicability. The most advantageous and unique feature of concrete is that it
can be produced using locally available ingredients as aggregates. Therefore, in countries where steel
is not readily available, as in Bangladesh, concrete is the most used construction material. However the
advantage of using local materials as concrete ingredients has its own demerits as well. Because of the
variations in properties of locally available aggregates, the properties of concrete may vary widely.
Although plant mixed concrete is gaining popularity day by day, and in many big projects concrete is
produced in a centrally located plant, in small projects concrete is still produced and laid in the field.
This calls for the proper selection of the concrete ingredients and their relative proportions in a
concrete mix. The proportioning of ingredients in a concrete mix to achieve a target property (often
strength) is known as the concrete mix design.
properties such as high compressive strength, excellent durability and fire resistance contributed
toward its wide range of applicability. The most advantageous and unique feature of concrete is that it
can be produced using locally available ingredients as aggregates. Therefore, in countries where steel
is not readily available, as in Bangladesh, concrete is the most used construction material. However the
advantage of using local materials as concrete ingredients has its own demerits as well. Because of the
variations in properties of locally available aggregates, the properties of concrete may vary widely.
Although plant mixed concrete is gaining popularity day by day, and in many big projects concrete is
produced in a centrally located plant, in small projects concrete is still produced and laid in the field.
This calls for the proper selection of the concrete ingredients and their relative proportions in a
concrete mix. The proportioning of ingredients in a concrete mix to achieve a target property (often
strength) is known as the concrete mix design.
Different methods are available to design a normal concrete mix for a given strength under various
weather and workability conditions. Among the various methods in use, the method proposed by the
American Concrete Institute (ACI) [1] is probably the most popular one. However, some recent
experiences and subsequent studies made at the Bangladesh University of Engineering and
Technology (BUET) have revealed that the ACI method of mix design fails to predict the relative ratio
of fine and coarse aggregates for some cases. In such cases the designed mixes fail to attain design
strength. A parametric study has been carried out by the authors to look into the matter. This paper
deals with the outcome of the parametric study.
weather and workability conditions. Among the various methods in use, the method proposed by the
American Concrete Institute (ACI) [1] is probably the most popular one. However, some recent
experiences and subsequent studies made at the Bangladesh University of Engineering and
Technology (BUET) have revealed that the ACI method of mix design fails to predict the relative ratio
of fine and coarse aggregates for some cases. In such cases the designed mixes fail to attain design
strength. A parametric study has been carried out by the authors to look into the matter. This paper
deals with the outcome of the parametric study.
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