Equipments used with taping in Surveying

1) Plumb bob 

• Used to ensure a horizontal reading is obtained .

2) Range poles 

• painted alternately red and white .
• Used as upright guides when chaining or marking turning points .

Types of tapes : great variety exists :

1) According to the material : 

• steel and steel alloy 
• metallic or non-metallic 
• polymers 
• Invar 

       1) nickle - steel alloy .

       2) with very low coefficient of thermal expansion .

       3) Used for precise measurements .