Smith’s Elements of Soil Mechanics

This core undergraduate textbook for civil engineers is the first to cover the fundamental changes in the ethos of geotechnical design advocated in the now published Eurocode 7. This code will be fully adopted across Europe by 2010 and its implementation will mean a radical shift to limit state design.

Ian Smith makes understanding this new approach to geotechnical design less daunting to the student with clear explanatory text, detailed illustrations and several worked examples, covering a range of topics including slope stability, retaining walls and shallow and deep foundations. Downloadable spreadsheets help to illustrate how the new Eurocode is applied and the book’s website also gives the worked solutions to self-test questions at the end of each chapter.

Now in its 8th edition, this well-established textbook has been updated and re-designed with improved page layout and illustrations making it the essential user-friendly introduction to soil mechanics and geotechnical design to Eurocode 7.

Table of Contents

• Preface     viii
• Notation Index     x
• Classification and Identification Properties of Soil     1
• Agricultural and engineering soil     1
• Engineering definitions     2
• Clays     4
• Soil classification     6
• Common types of soil     15
• Soil classification and description     16
• Soil properties     23
• Soil physical relations     33
• Exercises     34
• Soil Water, Permeability and Flow     37
• Subsurface water     37
• Flow of water through soils     39
• Darcy’s law of saturated flow     40
• Coefficient of permeability (k)     40
• Determination of k in the laboratory     41
• Determination of k in the field     45
• Approximation of k     48
• General differential equation of flow     48
• Potential and stream functions     50
• Flow nets     52
• Hydraulic gradient     52
• Calculation of seepage quantifies from a flow net     54
• Drawing a flow net     55
• Critical hydraulic gradient, i[subscript c]     57
• Seepage forces     58
• Alleviation ofpiping     58
• Design of filters     59
• Total and effective stress     63
• Capillarity     64
• Earth dams     67
• The problem of stratification     73
• Calculation of seepage quantities in an anisotropic soil     75
• Permeability of sedimentary deposits     78
• Seepage through soils of different permeability     81
• Refraction of flow lines at interfaces     82
• Exercises     84
• Shear Strength of Soils     87
• Friction     87
• Complex stress     88
• The Mohr circle diagram     89
• Cohesion     93
• Coulomb’s law of soil shear strength     94
• Modified Coulomb’s law     95
• The Mohr-Coulomb yield theory     96
• Determination of the shear strength parameters     97
• Determination of the total stress parameters [phi subscript u]and c[subscript u]     105
• Determination of the effective stress parameters [phi]‘ and c’     107
• The pore pressure coefficients A and B     111
• The triaxial extension test     116
• Behaviour of soils under shear     120
• Variation of the pore pressure coefficient A     124
• Operative strengths of soils     125
• Space diagonal and octahedral plane     127
• Sensitivity of clays     132
• Activity of a clay     133
• Residual strength of soil     135
• Exercises     138
• Elements of Stress Analysis     143
• Stress-strain relationships     143
• The state of stress at a point within a soil mass     144
• Stresses induced by the self-weight of the soil     145
• Stresses induced by applied loads     146
• Influence charts for vertical stress increments     151
• Bulbs of pressure     152
• Shear stresses     153
• Contact pressure     155
• Exercises     157
• Stability of Slopes     159
• Granular materials     159
• Soils with two strength components     162
• Methods of investigating slope stability     163
• Total stress analysis     163
• Effective stress analysis     176
• Planar failure surfaces     192
• Slope stability analysis to Eurocode 7     196
• Exercises     200
• Lateral Earth Pressure     211
• Introduction     211
• Active and passive earth pressure      211
• Active pressure in cohesionless soils     213
• Surcharges     220
• The effect of cohesion on active pressure     227
• Choice of method for prediction of active pressure     236
• Design parameters for different soil types     237
• The choice of backfill material     239
• Earth pressure at rest     245
• Influence of wall yield on design     246
• Strutted excavations     247
• Passive pressure in cohesionless soils     248
• The effect of cohesion on passive pressure     251
• Operative values for [phi]and c for passive pressure     253
• Exercises     255
• Earth Retaining Structures     257
• Main types of earth retaining structures     257
• Gravity walls     257
• Embedded walls     260
• Design of earth retaining structures     262
• Design to BS 8002: 1994     262
• Geotechnical design to Eurocode 7     263
• Design of gravity walls     269
• Design of sheet pile walls     282
• Reinforced soil     297
• Soil nailing     299
• Exercises     300
• Bearing Capacity of Soils     303
• Bearing capacity terms      303
• Types of foundation     303
• Analytical methods for the determination of the ultimate bearing capacity of a foundation     304
• Determination of the safe bearing capacity     313
• The effect of groundwater on bearing capacity     314
• Developments in bearing capacity equations     314
• Designing spread foundations to Eurocode 7     320
• Non-homogeneous soil conditions     327
• In situ testing for ultimate bearing capacity     330
• Pile foundations     337
• Designing pile foundations to Eurocode 7     350
• Pile groups     356
• Exercises     358
• Foundation Settlement and Soil Compression     361
• Settlement of a foundation     361
• Immediate settlement     362
• Consolidation settlement     373
• Two-dimensional stress paths     394
• Exercises     401
• Rate of Foundation Settlement     403
• Analogy of consolidation settlement     403
• Distribution of the initial excess pore pressure, u[subscript i]     403
• Terzaghi’s theory of consolidation     404
• Average degree of consolidation     408
• Drainage path length     409
• Determination of the coefficient of consolidation, c[subscript v], from the consolidation test     410
• Determination of the permeability coefficient from the consolidation test     412
• Determination of the consolidation coefficient from the triaxial test     412
• The model law of consolidation     414
• Consolidation during construction     416
• Consolidation by drainage in two and three dimensions     419
• Numerical determination of consolidation rates     420
• Construction pore pressures in an earth dam     426
• Numerical solutions for two- and three-dimensional consolidation     428
• Sand drains     431
• Exercises     437
• Compaction and Soil Mechanics Aspects of Highway Design     439
• Laboratory compaction of soils     439
• Main types of compaction plant     447
• Moisture content value for in situ compaction     449
• Specification of the field compacted density     450
• In situ tests carried out during earthwork construction     452
• Highway design     455
• Exercises     470
• Unsaturated Soils     473
• Unsaturated soils     473
• Measurement of soil suction     475
• Soil structure changes with water content      477
• Stress states in unsaturated soils     479
• Critical State Theory     483
• Critical state theory     483
• Symbols     483
• Critical state     484
• Isotropic consolidation     485
• Stress paths in three-dimensional stress space     487
• The critical state line     489
• Representation of triaxial tests in p’-q-v space     492
• The Roscoe surface     495
• The overall state boundary     493
• Equation of the Hvorslev surface     499
• Residual and critical strength states     501
• Site Investigation and Ground Improvement     503
• Desk study     503
• Site reconnaissance     504
• Ground investigation     505
• Site investigation reports     513
• Ground improvement     516
• Environmental geotechnics     520
• References     521
• Index     531

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