The scarcity and availability at reasonable rates of sand and aggregate are now giving anxiety to the construction industry. Over years, deforestation and extraction of natural aggregates from river beds, lakes and other water bodies have resulted in huge environmental problems. Erosion of the existing topography usually results in flooding and landslides. Moreover, the filtration of rain water achieved by deposits of natural sand is being lost, thereby causing contamination of water reserves used for human consumption. Hence, to prevent pollution authorities are imposing more and more stringent restrictions on the extraction of natural aggregates and its crushing. The best way to overcome this problem is to find alternate aggregates for construction in place of conventional natural aggregates. Rubber aggregates from discarded tyre rubber in sizes 20-10 mm, 10-4.75 mm and 4.75 mm down can be partially replaced natural aggregates in cement concrete construction.
About one crore 10 lakhs all types of new vehicles are added each year to the Indian roads. The increase of about three crores discarded tyres each year pose a potential threat to the environment. New tyre is made of natural rubber (also called virgin rubber), styrene-Butadien Rubber (SBR), Polybutadienc Rubber (PBR), Carbon black, Nylon tyre cord, rubber chemicals, steel tyre card and Butyl rubber.
USES OF OLD TYRES
Rubber from discarded tyres use in, floor mats, belts, gaskets, shoe soles, dock bumpers, seal, muffler hangers, shims and washers. 3 to 5% Rubber crumbs and upto 10% reclaimed rubber is particularly used in automobile tyres. Tyre pieces is used as fuel in cement and brick kilin. However, various local authorities are now banning the tyre burning due to atmosphere pollution. Whole tyres also used as highway crash barriers, furniture, boat bumpers on marine docks, etc. Land filling or burning tyres for energy have limited prospects as environmental authorities are acknowledging the need for its greener alternatives.
USES OF OLD TYRES
Rubber from discarded tyres use in, floor mats, belts, gaskets, shoe soles, dock bumpers, seal, muffler hangers, shims and washers. 3 to 5% Rubber crumbs and upto 10% reclaimed rubber is particularly used in automobile tyres. Tyre pieces is used as fuel in cement and brick kilin. However, various local authorities are now banning the tyre burning due to atmosphere pollution. Whole tyres also used as highway crash barriers, furniture, boat bumpers on marine docks, etc. Land filling or burning tyres for energy have limited prospects as environmental authorities are acknowledging the need for its greener alternatives.
DISCARDED TYRE AS CONCERTE AGGREGATES
Early studies in the use of worn-out tyres in asphalt mixes were very promising, They showed that rubberized asphalt had better skid resistance, reduced fatigue cracking, and achieved longer pavement life then conventional asphalt. So far very little work has been done in the use of rubber from scrap tyres in Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) mixture. The work done so far in the use of tyre rubber as aggregates in concrete is given below:
Early studies in the use of worn-out tyres in asphalt mixes were very promising, They showed that rubberized asphalt had better skid resistance, reduced fatigue cracking, and achieved longer pavement life then conventional asphalt. So far very little work has been done in the use of rubber from scrap tyres in Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) mixture. The work done so far in the use of tyre rubber as aggregates in concrete is given below:
SLUMP
It was observed slump decreases with increase rubber content by total aggregates volume, the results show that at rubber content 40% by total aggregates volume. The slump was zero and the concrete was not workable by hand. Such mixes had to be compated using a mechanical vibrator.
It was observed slump decreases with increase rubber content by total aggregates volume, the results show that at rubber content 40% by total aggregates volume. The slump was zero and the concrete was not workable by hand. Such mixes had to be compated using a mechanical vibrator.
DENSITY
The general density reduction was to be expected due to the low specific gravity of the rubber aggregates with respect to that of the natural aggregates. The reduction in density can be a desirable feature in a number of application, including architectural application such as nailing concrete, false facades, stone backing and interior construction as well as precast concrete, light weight hollow and solid blocks, slabs etc.
The general density reduction was to be expected due to the low specific gravity of the rubber aggregates with respect to that of the natural aggregates. The reduction in density can be a desirable feature in a number of application, including architectural application such as nailing concrete, false facades, stone backing and interior construction as well as precast concrete, light weight hollow and solid blocks, slabs etc.
AIR CONTEST
The air content increases in rubcrete mixture with increase amount of ground tyre rubber.
The air content increases in rubcrete mixture with increase amount of ground tyre rubber.
PLASTIC SHRINKAGE
The addition of rubber shreds to mortar reduced plastic shrinkage cracking compared to a control mortar. Despite their apparently weak bonding to the cement paste, rubber shreds provided sufficient restrain to prevent microracks from propagating.
The addition of rubber shreds to mortar reduced plastic shrinkage cracking compared to a control mortar. Despite their apparently weak bonding to the cement paste, rubber shreds provided sufficient restrain to prevent microracks from propagating.
EFFECT OF SURFACE TEXTURE OF RUBBER PARTICLES
Various studies show that the rougher the rubber particles used in concrete mixtures the better the bonding they develop with the surrounding matrix and, therefore, the higher the compressive strength of rubcrete concrete may be obtained by improving the bond between rubber particles and the surrounding cement paste. Pretreatment to improve bond of rubber
Various studies show that the rougher the rubber particles used in concrete mixtures the better the bonding they develop with the surrounding matrix and, therefore, the higher the compressive strength of rubcrete concrete may be obtained by improving the bond between rubber particles and the surrounding cement paste. Pretreatment to improve bond of rubber
aggregates very from merely washing them with water to acid etching. About 57% improvement in compressive strength was obtained when rubber aggregates before use treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The treatment increase in surface roughness of the rubber, which improves its attachment to the cement paste. Upon loading weak bonding of rubber aggregates to surrounding cement paste is one of the main cause of lower compressive strerngth of rubcrete concrete. There are various methods by which rubber aggregates bonds may be improved. The waste rubber recycling factories should suplly the rubber aggregates in pretreated and specified gradings for their better performance. This will build confidence to users and improve the mass sale of rubber aggregates as a new construction material of cement concrete construction. Quality rubber aggregates should be manufactured and supplied by waste rubber recyling factories in grading 20-10 mm, 10-4.75 mm and 4.75 mm down sizes.
TOUGHNESS, IMPACT RESISTANCE, HEAT AND SOUND
INSULATION
Rubberized concrete did not exibit brittle failure when specimens loaded in compression. It is due to its ability to with stand large tensile deformations, the rubber particles act as springs, delaying the widening of cracks and preventing full disintegration of the concrete mass. Rubberized concrete will give better performance than conventional concrete where vibration damping is required , such as in building as an earthquakes shock-wave absorber, in foundation pads for machinery, and in Railway stations.
INSULATION
Rubberized concrete did not exibit brittle failure when specimens loaded in compression. It is due to its ability to with stand large tensile deformations, the rubber particles act as springs, delaying the widening of cracks and preventing full disintegration of the concrete mass. Rubberized concrete will give better performance than conventional concrete where vibration damping is required , such as in building as an earthquakes shock-wave absorber, in foundation pads for machinery, and in Railway stations.
When rubber aggregates were added to the mixture, the impact resistance of concrete is increased, Rubber aggregates in concreter also make the material a better thermal insulator, which could be very useful especially
in the wake of energy conservation requirements. From fire test it was observed that flammability of rubber in rubcrete mixture was much reduced by the presense of cement and aggregates. It is believed that fire resistance of rubcrete mixture is satisfactory. In this connection more testing is needed.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE, MATERIALS AND MIXES
1. OPC 43-Grade as per IS: 8112-1989 Compressive strength: 7- Days = 39.8 N/mm2, 28- days = 49.5 N/mm2
1. OPC 43-Grade as per IS: 8112-1989 Compressive strength: 7- Days = 39.8 N/mm2, 28- days = 49.5 N/mm2
2. River sand and 20 mm crushed aggregate as given in table.1
3. Tyre rubber aggregate. About 30 cm long waste tyre rubber pieces were obtained from local market, the pieces were cleaned with soap water and rinse with clean water. After drying under sun at open place, both faces of the tyre pieces were rubbed with hard wire brush to make surfaces as rough as can be done by hand. Pieces were then cut as per the grading given in table.1
4. Mix Design as given in table .2 was carried out as per guide lines of ref.5. the dry materials comprising cement, sand, aggregate and rubber aggregate was well mixed before the water and Normal Superplasticizer was gradually Included. 150 mm cubes were cast on a vibrating table demoulded 24 hours after casting, placed in a steel tub of water to cure upto specified age. The cubes were tested in saturated and surface dry conditions. The temperature of curing water remain between 26 to 28oC
Table 1. Grading of aggregates
| I.S. Sieve size |
Percentage passing
| ||
| River sand | Crushed aggregate | Rubber aggregate | |
| 40 mm | X | 100 | 100 |
| 20 m | X | 100 | 100 |
| 10 mm | 100 | 33 | 38 |
| 4.75 mm | 97 | 4 | 6 |
| 2.36 mm | 86 | 0 | 0 |
| 1.18 mm | 74 | ||
| 600 Micron | 42 | ||
| 300 Micron | 23 | ||
| 150 Micron | 5 | ||
| Specific gravity | 2.65 | 2.65 | 1.14 |
| Water absortion | 0.8 | 0.5 | —— |
REMARKS:
Sand is of Zone-II as per IS:383-1970, Crushed aggregate and rubber aggregate both are 20 mm graded aggregates as per IS: 383-1970
Sand is of Zone-II as per IS:383-1970, Crushed aggregate and rubber aggregate both are 20 mm graded aggregates as per IS: 383-1970
Table .2. Mix Design details
| Meterials, | Control mix for M-25 grade of concrete | Modified mix with 30% rubber aggregate by mass replacement of coarse aggregate. The rubber aggregate having specific gravity of 1.14 with the given concrete control mix, the reduction in density will be 20 % |
| Free water (kg/m3) | 155 | 155 |
| OPC 43- Grade (kg/m3) | 310 | 310 |
| River sand (kg/m3) | 755 | 570 |
| Crushed aggregate (kg/m3) | 1180 | 620 |
| Rubber aggregate (kg/m3) | 265 | |
| Normal Superplasticizer (kg/m3) | 3.100 | 3.100 |
| Density (kg/m3) | 2403 | 1923 |
| W/C Ratio | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Slump (mm) | 63 | 25 |
| 150 mm 3 cubes average compressive strength (N/mm2) | ||
| 7 days | 22.7 | 9.7 |
| 28 days | 32.8 | 12.3 |
DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS
The addition of rubber aggregate in concrete mixes reduces the concrete density, which can be utilize in light weight concrete . Rubcrete concrete reduces the concrete strength, however, this may be used where M- 10 and M- 15 grade concrete is needed. Further researches are needy for its use in RCC Work. Other properties as obtained by various researches are given else where in the paper
The addition of rubber aggregate in concrete mixes reduces the concrete density, which can be utilize in light weight concrete . Rubcrete concrete reduces the concrete strength, however, this may be used where M- 10 and M- 15 grade concrete is needed. Further researches are needy for its use in RCC Work. Other properties as obtained by various researches are given else where in the paper
CONCLUSIONS
1. From experimental study and literature review it can be concluded that despite the reduced compressive strength of rubberized concrete in comparison to conventional concrete there is a potential large market for concrete products in which inclusion of rubber aggregates would be feasible which will utilize the discarded rubber tyres the disposal of which is a environment pollution problem.
1. From experimental study and literature review it can be concluded that despite the reduced compressive strength of rubberized concrete in comparison to conventional concrete there is a potential large market for concrete products in which inclusion of rubber aggregates would be feasible which will utilize the discarded rubber tyres the disposal of which is a environment pollution problem.
2. Rubberised concrete strength may be improved by improving the bond properties of rubber aggregates. In India out of 36 tyre manufacturers the tyre recyclers are about 20, the major players number only about four or five. In these M/S Gujrat Reclaim has an annual turnover of over Rs.15 Crore from its Haridwar (Uttrakhand) tyre recycling plants, with a production of 20 tonnes of reclaim rubber per day. The tyre recycling factories should supply quality rubber aggregates in 20-10mm, 10-4.75mm and 4.75mm down sizes to be used as cement concrete aggregate.
3. The light unit weight qualities of rubberized concrete may be suitable for architectural application, false facdes, stone baking, interior construction, in building as an earthquake shock wave absorber, where vibration damping is required such as in foundation pads for machinery railway station, where resistance to impact or explosion is required, such as in jersey barrier, railway buffers, bunkers and for trench filling.
4. One of the possible application of rubcrete may be its application in rendering of roof top surfaces for insulation and waterproofing. With proper Mixed Design a 20mm thick rendering on roof top surfaces may be done with 4.75 mm down rubber aggregate
REFERENCES
1. IS:383-1970- “Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete” (Second revision) BIS, New Delhi.
2. IS:8112-1989 - “Specifications for 43 Grade ordinary Portland cement” (First revision) BIS, New Delhi.
3. IS:456-2000 - “Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete” (Fourth revision) BIS, New Delhi.
4. IS:9103-1999 - “Specifications for admixture for concrete” (First revision) BIS, New Delhi.
5. Kishore Kaushal - “Manual of Concrete Mix Design based on IS:456-2000”. Standard Publishers Distributors, 1705-B, Nai Sarak, New Delhi-110006
6. Sharma Nimesh- “Tyre Recycling”, The New Business on the Block March, 2010.
7. Nehdi Moncef And Khan Ashfaq- “Cementitious Composites Containing Tire Rubber” Cement, Concrete and Aggregate Vol. 23 No. 1 June 2001. pp 3-10.
8. Ali N.A, Amos AD & Roberts M- “Use of Ground rubber tires in Portland cement concrete” Proceedings of the international conference concrete 2000 University of Dundee Scotland, U.K. Vol 2 of pp. 379-390.
9. Eldin N.N. & Senouci A.B.- “Rubber tire particles as concrete aggregates”, ASCE Journal of materials in Civil Engineering, 1993, 5(4), 478-496.
10. Topeu I.B.“The properties of rubberized concrete” cement and concrete research 1995, 25(2), 304-310.
11. Khatib, Z.K. and Bayomy, F.M.“Rubberized portland cement concrete” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering August, 1999, pp. 206-213.
12. Fatuli, N.L. and Clark, N.A. “Cement Based materials containing tire rubber” construction building materials, 1996, vol. 10, No. 4, pp229-236.
1. IS:383-1970- “Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete” (Second revision) BIS, New Delhi.
2. IS:8112-1989 - “Specifications for 43 Grade ordinary Portland cement” (First revision) BIS, New Delhi.
3. IS:456-2000 - “Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete” (Fourth revision) BIS, New Delhi.
4. IS:9103-1999 - “Specifications for admixture for concrete” (First revision) BIS, New Delhi.
5. Kishore Kaushal - “Manual of Concrete Mix Design based on IS:456-2000”. Standard Publishers Distributors, 1705-B, Nai Sarak, New Delhi-110006
6. Sharma Nimesh- “Tyre Recycling”, The New Business on the Block March, 2010.
7. Nehdi Moncef And Khan Ashfaq- “Cementitious Composites Containing Tire Rubber” Cement, Concrete and Aggregate Vol. 23 No. 1 June 2001. pp 3-10.
8. Ali N.A, Amos AD & Roberts M- “Use of Ground rubber tires in Portland cement concrete” Proceedings of the international conference concrete 2000 University of Dundee Scotland, U.K. Vol 2 of pp. 379-390.
9. Eldin N.N. & Senouci A.B.- “Rubber tire particles as concrete aggregates”, ASCE Journal of materials in Civil Engineering, 1993, 5(4), 478-496.
10. Topeu I.B.“The properties of rubberized concrete” cement and concrete research 1995, 25(2), 304-310.
11. Khatib, Z.K. and Bayomy, F.M.“Rubberized portland cement concrete” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering August, 1999, pp. 206-213.
12. Fatuli, N.L. and Clark, N.A. “Cement Based materials containing tire rubber” construction building materials, 1996, vol. 10, No. 4, pp229-236.
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